The Top Seven Healthcare Outcome Measures and Three Measurement Essentials

The healthcare industry is riddled with administrative and regulatory complexities that make it difficult for health systems to achieve theTriple–or better yet, the Quadruple–Aim of healthcare. The complexities found in outcomes improvement are particularly challenging, as health systems measure and report on hundreds of these outcomes annually. Health systems can manage these complexities by taking a closer look at outcome measures—understanding their definitions and nuances, reviewing real-world examples, and integrating three essentials for successful outcomes measurement.

Why Measuring Healthcare Outcomes Is Important

The goal of measuring, reporting, and comparing healthcare outcomes is to achievethe Quadruple Aim of healthcare:

1. Improve the patient experience of care.
2. 改善人口健康。
3. 降低人均保健费用。
4. Reduce clinician and staff burnout.

The organization behind the Triple Aim—the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)—is dedicated to outcomes improvement. IHI describes measurement as “a critical part of testing and implementing changes. Measures tell a team whether the changes they are making actually lead to improvement.” The fourth aim may vary depending on the organization.

Healthcare organizations–motivated by the Quadruple Aim–measure outcomes for several reasons:

• 揭示干预措施可以改善护理的领域。
• Identify variations of care.
• Provide evidence about interventions that work best for certain types of patients under certain circumstances.
• Compare the effectiveness of various treatments and procedures.

Outcome Measures Defined

TheWorld Health Organizationdefines an outcome measure as a “change in the health of an individual, group of people, or population that is attributable to an intervention or series of interventions.” Outcome measures (mortality, readmission, patient experience, etc.) are the quality and cost targets healthcare organizations are trying to improve.

Outcome measures are frequently reported to the government, commercial payers, and organizations that report on quality, such asThe LeapFrog Group—a national nonprofit that evaluates and reports U.S. hospital safety and quality performance. LeapFrog’s work centers on “increasing transparency among health care providers in order to reduce the estimated440,000 annual deaths from hospital errors, accidents, and injuries.” While initial measures focused on inpatient care, they have since expanded to include most aspects of care delivery.

Outcome Measures Are Driven by National Standards and Financial Incentives

Outcome measures are primarily defined and prioritized by national organizations, includingCMS,The Joint Commission, and theNational Association for Healthcare Quality (NAHQ). Health systems target outcome measures based on state and federal government mandates, accreditation requirements, and financial incentives.

Although healthcare outcomes and targets are defined at the national level, health systems might set more aggressive targets. Meeting and exceeding these national targets, benefits not only quality of care, but also healthcare organizations’ marketing and contracting efforts.

报告和认证实体有相应的流程来规范结果数据，以考虑上下文，这在报告中是关键。人们很容易断章取义。Using fall rates as an example, if a small, 10-bed hospital sees 10 patients in one month and one patient falls, then their fall rate is high (10 percent).

The Joint Commission is a regulatory body that accredits health systems and has national standards for quality measures that are “developed with input from healthcare professionals, providers, subject matter experts, consumers, government agencies (including CMS) and employers.” New standards must meet the following strict requirements:

• Relate topatient safetyor quality of care.
• Positively impact healthcare outcomes.
• Meet or surpass law and regulation.
• 能够准确且易于测量。

CMS uses outcome measures to calculate overall hospital quality. In a 2018 report,CMS explained how it arrived at its 2018 hospital star ratings. CMS grouped outcome measures into seven categories weighted by importance:

1. Mortality (22 percent)
2. Safety of care (22 percent)
3. Readmissions (22 percent)
4. 患者体验(22%)
5. Effectiveness of care (4 percent)
6. Timeliness of care (4 percent)
7. 医学影像的有效利用(4 percent)

The Top Seven Healthcare Outcome Measures Explained

There are hundreds of outcome measures, ranging from changes in blood pressure in patients with hypertension topatient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The seven groupings of outcome measures CMS uses to calculate hospital quality are some of the most common in healthcare:

#1: Mortality

死亡率是一项基本的人口健康结果衡量指标。For example,Piedmont Healthcare’s evidence-based care standardizationfor pneumonia patients, resulted in a 56.5 percent relative reduction in the pneumonia mortality rate.

#2: Safety of Care

Safety of care outcome measures pertain to medical mistakes. Skin breakdown and hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are common safety of care outcome measures:

• 当压力减少流向皮肤的血液时，皮肤就会崩溃。皮肤评估工具可以用来减少皮肤损伤。皮肤破裂的患者感染的风险更高。例如，如果患者患有糖尿病，他们的风险评分会上升，因为他们的循环系统很差。
• HAIs—caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. For example,Texas Children’s Hospitalidentified evidence-based bundles to reduce HAIs in children through their partnership with the Solutions for Patient Safety National Children’s Network. Using anenterprise data warehouse(EDW) and analytics applications to identify vulnerable patients and monitor clinicians’ compliance with best practice bundles,Texas Children’s Hospital decreased HAIs by 35 percent.

#3: Readmissions

Readmission following hospitalization is a common outcome measure. Readmission is costly (and often preventable). In fact, researchers estimate that in one year,$25 to $45 billion is spent on avoidable complications and unnecessary hospital readmissions. After increasing efforts to reduce their hospital readmission rate,the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) saw a 14.5 percent relative reduction in their 30-day all-cause readmission rate, resulting in $1.9 million in cost avoidance. UTMB reduced their hospital readmission rate by implementing several care coordination programs and leveraging their analytics platform and advanced analytics applications to improve the accuracy and timeliness of data for informing decision making and monitoring performance.

#4: Patient Experience

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) fall within the patient experience outcome measure category. According to theAgency for Clinical Innovation(ACI), PROMs “assess the patient’s experience and perception of their healthcare. This information can provide a more realistic gauge of patient satisfaction as well as real-time information for local service improvement and to enable a more rapid response to identified issues.” For example, a patient might be asked to complete a satisfaction survey (on a scale of 1-5) about the care they received.

Patient experience may also be used as abalance metric for improvement work. For example, a care delivery process may decrease the LOS, which can be a positive outcome, but result in a decreased patient satisfaction score if patients instead feel they are being pushed out.

#5: Effectiveness of Care

Effectiveness of care outcome measures evaluate two things:

1. Compliance with best practice care guidelines.
2. Achieved outcomes (e.g., lower readmission rates for heart failure patients).

Given the rapid changes that occur within healthcare, making sure best practice care guidelines are current is critical for achieving the best care outcomes. It’s important to track clinician compliance with care guidelines; It’s equally important to monitor treatment outcomes and alert clinicians when care guidelines need to be reviewed.

Failing to adhere to evidence-based care guidelines can have negative consequences for patients. For example, according toThe Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare, “even though it is well established that beta-blockers can reduce the risk of heart attack in patients who have already had one heart attack, many heart attack patients are never prescribed beta-blockers.”

#6: Timeliness of Care

Timeliness of care outcome measures assess patient access to care. Overcrowding in the emergency department has been associated with increased inpatient mortality, increased length of stay, and increased costs for admitted patients.

A community hospital systemimplemented an improvement process to address overcrowding in its ED在确定了每年大约有4000名病人离开急诊科而没有被发现之后。他们利用自己的分析平台开发了一个急诊分析应用程序，该应用程序提世界杯厄瓜多尔vs塞内加尔波胆预测供了可操作的、及时的急诊表现数据，以专注于四个方面的改进工作:人员配备模式、注册、注册护士的分诊评估，以及及早获得合格的医疗提供者。他们取得了显著的性能改善，包括患者在未被发现的情况下离开的比例相对降低了89%，目前的性能为0.4%。

#7: Efficient Use of Medical Imaging

The efficient use of medical imaging is an increasingly important outcome measure. According to theEuropean Science Foundation, “Medical imaging plays a central role in the global healthcare system as it contributes to improved patient outcome and more cost-efficient healthcare in all major disease entities.”

For example, duringTexas Children’s Hospital’s efforts to improve asthma careit discovered a high volume of chest X-rays being administered to asthma patients. Using its EDW to examine real-time X-ray data, it realized clinicians were ordering chest X-rays for 65 percent of their asthma patients—evidence-based practice calls for X-rays in only five percent of cases. Texas Children’s Hospital’s IT team traced the problem to a faulty order set within the hospital’s EHR, and rewrote the order set to reflect the evidence-based best practice.

Process Measures Are Equally Important

取得成果固然重要，但卫生系统取得成果的过程也同样重要。过程度量获取了提供者的生产力和对推荐护理标准的遵守情况。For example, if a health system wants to reduce the incidence of skin breakdown, then it might implement the process measure of performing a risk assessment using theBarden Scalefor reducing pressure ulcer risk in all the appropriate units in the hospital. If health systems are too focused on an outcome, then they lose sight of the process.

The following outcome and process measures illustrate how systems can improve healthcare outcomes by improving processes:

• Conducting a medication reconciliation system check with heart failure patients at the time of discharge (process measure) can reduce heart failure readmission rates (outcome measure).
• Performing a fall risk assessment on a patient at the time of admission (process measure) can reduce fall rates (outcome measure).
• Using a skin assessment tool (process measure) can prevent skin breakdown (outcome measure).

Three Essentials for Successful Healthcare Outcomes Measurement

Among every health system’s goals is to improve patient outcomes. But outcomes improvement can’t happen without effective outcomes measurement. As health systems work diligently to achieve the Quadruple Aim, they need to prioritize three outcomes measurement essentials: transparency, integrated care, and interoperability.

Used in tandem, these essentials improve and sustain outcomes measurement efforts by creating a data-driven culture that embraces data transparency, an integrated care environment that treats the whole patient and improves critical care transitions, and interoperable systems that enable the seamless exchange of outcomes measurement data between clinicians, departments, and hospitals.

#1: Data Transparency

医疗保健正在走向结果透明。患者依靠结果数据对他们的医疗保健做出明智的决定。Quality reporting organizations, such asThe LeapFrog Group, evaluate and report on U.S. hospital safety and quality performance. Patients want reassurance that they’re receiving the best care for the lowest cost. Publicly reported healthcare outcomes help do just that.

#2: Integrated Care and Transitions of Care

The industry is also shifting toward integrated care—hospitals aren’t just treating a hip anymore; they’re treating the whole person. A key component of integrated care is helping patients with transitions: easing patient transitions from the ER, to surgery, to inpatient care, to rehab, and, ultimately, back to a steady, normal state. Transitional points of care are critical for managing consistency of care and providing the right care in the right setting at the lowest cost.

#3: Data Interoperability

Sharing data between departments within an integrated system is another important component. Outcomes measurement and improvement depends on the system’s ability to share data across clinicians, labs, hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and other staff, departments, and settings. EDWs improve interoperability by integrating data and providing a single source of truth.

Improving critical care transitions through integrated care and seamlessly exchanging data through interoperability are essential ingredients for better outcomes measurement. For example, as heart failure patients are discharged (depending on the risk stratification), it’s critical for them to see a cardiologist or primary care physician as quickly as possible. Otherwise, they have a higher risk of being readmitted.

The Quadruple Aim: The Goal of Outcomes Measurement

Outcomes measurement should always tie back to the Quadruple Aim, so healthcare organizations aren’t just reporting numbers. Health systems shouldn’t become so obsessed with numbers that they forget their Quadruple Aim goal. Instead, they should focus on quality and improving the care experience at the most efficient cost.

Health systems measure outcomes to ensure they are delivering the best care for patients and providing a transparent, efficient, and accessible environment for all healthcare providers. That is outcomes nirvana.

Additional Reading

1. Improving Outcomes That Matter Most to Patients
2. 7 Features of Highly Effective Outcomes Improvement Projects
3. Six Steps Towards Meaningful, Ongoing Healthcare Performance Improvement

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